Aceite de Clavo (Eugenol®) como Anestésico en la Especie Panaque Cochliodon-Steindachner, 1879 (Cucha de Ojos Azules) / Clove Oil (Eugenol®) as an Anesthetic in the Species Panaque Cochliodon-Steindachner, 1879 (Blue-Eyed Pleco) / Óleo de Cravo (Eugenol®) como Anestésico na Espécie Panaque Cochliodon-Steindachner, 1879 (Cascudo De Olhos Azuis)

Resumen Introducción: la cucha de ojos azules (Panaquecochliodon) es una especie endémica de la cuenca del Cauca y el Magdalena. Sin embargo, no se tiene mucha información sobre esta especie, incluida la ausencia de un protocolo de sedación adecuado para el trabajo en cautiverio con esta especie. Objetivo: estandarizar un protocolo de sedación del P. cochliodon. Materiales y métodos: se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones del sedante Eugenol que iban desde 20 a 40 mg/L; se adoptaron 4 tipos de sedación y 5 tipos de recuperación, encontrando así los grados de sedación adecuados para los diferentes procedimientos de manejo en confinamiento que se realizaron con esta especie. Resultados: todos los ejemplares alcanzaron la sedación tipo 4 y la recuperación tipo 5 sin mortalidad. Significativamente la concentración a la cual los ejemplares demoraron más tiempo en alcanzar la sedación tipo 4 y recuperación tipo 5 fue la de 20 mg/L, las demás concentraciones no presentaron diferencias entre sí, pero indican una tendencia inversa con respecto a la concentración y el tiempo. Conclusiones: todas las concentraciones evaluadas son seguras para el manejo de P. cochliodon de 314±11,6 gr, no se presentó mortalidad; las concentraciones de 30 a 35 mg/L, ofrecen 2,6 minutos de trabajo, sin efectos deletéreos aparentes sobre la especie.

Abstract Introduction: the blue-eyed pleco {Panaque cochliodon) is a species endemic to the Cauca and Magdalena basin. However, not much information is available on this species, including the absence of an adequate sedation protocol for captive work with this species. Objetive: this research standardizes a sedation protocol for P. cochliodon. Materials and methods: for this purpose, different dosages and concentrations of the sedative Eugenol ranging from 20 to 40 mg/L were evaluated and 4 types of sedation and 5 types of recovery were adopted, thus finding the appropriate degrees of sedation for the different confinement management procedures that were performed with this species. Results: all specimens reached type 4 sedation and type 5 recovery without mortality. Significantly, the concentration at which the specimens took the longest time to achieve type 4 sedation and type 5 recovery was 20 mg / L, the other concentrations did not show differences between them, but indicate an inverse trend with respect to the concentration and experimental time. Conclusions: all the concentrations evaluated are safe for the management of P. cochliodon of 314 ± 11.6 gr, there was no mortality; concentrations of 30 to 35 mg / L, offer 2.6 minutes of work, without apparent deleterious effects on the species.

Resumo Introdução: o cascudo de olhos azuis {Panaquecochliodon) é uma espécie endémica da bacia do Cauca e Magdalena. Contudo, não há muita informação disponível sobre esta espécie, incluindo a ausência de um protocolo de sedação adequado para o trabalho em cativeiro com esta espécie. Objetivo: Esta investigação padronizou um protocolo de sedação para o P. cochliodon. Materiais e métodos: para tanto, foram avaliadas diferentes dosagens e concentrações do sedativo Eugenol variando de 20 a 40 mg/l e adotados 4 tipos de sedação e 5 tipos de recuperação, encontrando-se assim os graus de sedação adequados para os diferentes confinamentos procedimentos de manejo que foram realizados com esta espécie. Resultados: todos os espécimes alcançaram sedação tipo 4 e recuperação tipo 5 sem mortalidade. Significativamente, a concentração na qual as amostras demoraram mais tempo para atingir a sedação do tipo 4 e recuperação do tipo 5 foi de 20 mg/l, as demais concentrações não apresentaram diferenças entre si, mas indicam uma tendência inversa em relação à concentração e ao tempo. Conclusões: todas as concentrações avaliadas são seguras para o manejo de P. cochliodon de 314 ± 11,6 gr, não houve mortalidade; concentrações de 30 a 35 mg/l, oferecem 2,6 minutos de trabalho, sem efeitos deletérios aparentes para a espécie.

Syzygium aromaticum como candidato a bactericida: efectos en la microbiota oral / Syzygium aromaticum as a bactericidal candidate: effects on the oral microbiota

El cavo de olor (Syzygium aromaticum) es un árbol, originario de Indonesia, con altura variable, pero que sobre pasa los 10 metros de altura, perteneciente a la familia de las Myrtaceae y cuyas flores que no han abierto, se convierten en botones, que al secar son los mencionados clavos de olor. Poseen como componente principal el Eugenol, entre otros compuestos orgánicos. Por sus características bioquímicas y organolépticas, le proporcionan varios beneficios para la salud, por actuar como estimulantes, antioxidante, con acción antibacterial, antiespasmódicas, además de su marcada acción analgésica y anestésica. Por su parte, la microbiota oral, está conformada por un amplio conjunto de microorganismos pertenecientes al ecosistema bucal y que a través del equilibrio de los mismos, se logrará un adecuado funcionamiento y desarrollo de las funciones fisiológicas en pro de la salud bucal del individuo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar los datos específicos en el uso del clavo de olor como agente bactericida en las afecciones bucodentales, encontrándose que si puede ser usado como agente bactericida por su marcado efecto sobre la microbiota oral a nivel de eliminar los microorganismos nocivos presentes en la misma, ya que actúa inhibiendo la recomposición de las proteínas, los ácidos nucleicos y la membrana de la pared celular, cambiando la permeabilidad de las células de los microorganismos, favoreciendo su muerte y a su ves favoreciendo el adecuado equilibrio de la microbiota oral, necesario para la adecuada salud bucodental(AU)

The clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a tree, native to Indonesia, with variable height, but that exceeds 10 meters in height, belonging to the Myrtaceae family and whose flowers that have not opened, become buttons, that when drying are the aforementioned cloves. Their main component is Eugenol, among other organic compounds. Due to their biochemical and organoleptic characteristics, they provide several health benefits, for acting as stimulants, antioxidant, with antibacterial, antispasmodic action, in addition to their marked analgesic and anesthetic action. For its part, the oral microbiota is made up of a wide set of microorganisms belonging to the oral ecosystem and that through their balance, an adequate functioning and development of physiological functions will be achieved in favor of the oral health of the individual. The objective of this research is to examine the specific data on the use of cloves as a bactericidal agent in oral conditions, finding that it can be used as a bactericidal agent due to its marked effect on the oral microbiota at the level of eliminating harmful microorganisms present in it, since it acts by inhibiting the recomposition of proteins, nucleic acids and the cell wall membrane, changing the permeability of the cells of microorganisms, favoring their death and in turn favoring the proper balance of the oral microbiota, necessary for proper oral health(AU)

Clover technique for the treatment of complex tricuspid valveinsufficiency / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:This study assesses the results of the clover technique for the treatment of tricuspid regurgitation(TR) due to severe prolapse or tethering.Methods:From March 2016 to November 2018, 28 patients with severe TR due to prolapsing or tethered or adhesion leaflets underwent clover technique. Annuloplasty was associated in 27 patients(97%). The aetiology of TR was rheumatic in 19 cases(68%), subacute bacterial endocarditis in 4(14%), degenerative in 3(11%) and ischemia of right ventricular(the peacing leads compress the septum leaflet in 1 case) in 2(7%). The main mechanism of TR was prolapse/flail of one leaflet in 7 patients(23%), of two leaflets in 13 patients(46%) and of all three leaflets in 6 patients(21%). The remaining 2 patients(7%) presented with severe leaflets’tethering.Results:None deaths occurred during hospitalisation and one patient dischargedvoluntary 12 days after surgery. Follow-up of the 27 hospital survivors was 100% complete[mean length(1.2±0.8)years, range 0.25-1.70 years]. At the last echocardiogram, no or mild TR was detected in 25 patients(88.7%), moderate(2+ /4+ ) in two(9.6%) and severe(4+ /4+ ) in one patient(3.6%). Mean tricuspid valve area and gradient were(4.3±0.6 )cm 2 and(2.8±1.4)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). There was no obvious valve stenosis in all cases. In all patients, echocardiography was performed and no signs of tricuspid stenosis were detected. At the multivariable analysis, the degree of TR at hospital discharge was identified as the only predictor of TR 2+ at follow-up. Conclusion:Clover procedure is simple and safe in the surgical management of various causes of TR besides severe tethering and calcification, it is an effective supplementary measure for annuloplasty.

Inhibition effect of active fraction from clove on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to induce apoptosis of human colon cancer HCT116 cells / 中国中药杂志

To screen the sensitive cell lines of active fraction from clove(AFC) on human colon cancer cells, investigate the effects of AFC on the cells proliferation and apoptosis as well as PI3 K/Akt/mTOR(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathways involved, and reveal the mechanism of AFC for inducing apoptosis of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of AFC. AFC-induced apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. HCT116 cells were treated with AFC with or without pretreatment with insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), and then the protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP), PI3 K, p-PI3 K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR in PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. RESULTS:: showed that the most obvious inhibitory effect of AFC was on human colon cancer HCT116 cells, and the optimal AFC treatment time was 48 hours. After AFC treatment, typical apoptotic features such as nuclear chromatin concentration, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining showed that as compared with the control group, 50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1) AFC groups increased the apoptosis rate of HCT116 cells significantly(P<0.001); AFC activated caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in a concentration-dependent manner. The protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3, cleaved PARP/PARP and caspase-9/β-actin after treatment of AFC(100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly different from those in the control group(P<0.001). The relative protein expression of p-PI3 K, p-Akt and p-mTOR decreased in a concentration dependent manner, while Akt and mTOR showed no significant differences among groups. The ratios of p-PI3 K/PI3 K, p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC groups(50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.01). Its combination with IGF-Ⅰ weakened the effect of AFC in inhibiting PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly enhanced as compared with the AFC group(P<0.05). Apoptosis-related protein expression levels(cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) in HCT116 cells treated with AFC+IGF-Ⅰ were also down regulated. As compared with the AFC group, the ratios of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3 and cleaved PARP/PARP in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly decreased(P<0.01). In summary, AFC activated caspase-mediated cascades and induced HCT116 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may be associated with the inhibition of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Eugenol and tricaine methanesulfonate as anhestesics for the pearl cichlid

Anesthesia reduces the handling process duration and prevent fish injuries. The anesthetic effect and ideal concentrations of eugenol and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) were tested for pearl cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) juveniles with an average weight of 4.4 g in water at 24ºC. The criterion for determining the optimal dose considered an induction time of one minute. Experiment 1 tested the concentrations of 25, 75, 150 and 300 mg L-1 of eugenol. The best results were obtained at doses of 150 and 300 mg L-1. Experiment 2 aimed to establish a more accurate result by testing the concentrations of 180, 210, 240 and 270 mg L-1, and led to an estimation of 217 mg L-1 of eugenol to induce anesthesia in one minute. Experiment 3 evaluated 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg L-1 of tricaine, of which the concentration of 294 mg L-1 was estimated to induce anesthesia in one minute. No significant differences were observed for recovery times when using either of the anesthetics. No mortality was observed within 24 hours after the experiments for any concentration of the anesthetics. The present study recommends 217 mg L-1 of eugenol or 394 mg L-1 of tricaine for anesthesia of the pearl cichlid.

Essential oils in the management of soft rot of kale in the brazilian semiarid region / Óleos essenciais no manejo da podridão mole em couve no semiárido brasileiro

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of essential oils on the control of soft rot of kale. Clove essential oil at 0.25%, lemongrass and palmarosa essential oils at 0.5%, melaleuca and orange essential oils at 0.75%, bergamot, rosemary, sage and ginger essential oils at 1% were evaluated for the in vitro inhibition of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) and control of soft rot of kale, sprayed 72 hours before or seven hours after inoculation. Clove, citronella, bergamot, rosemary, palmarosa, sage, melaleuca, and lemongrass oils completely inhibited the growth of Pcb. Lemongrass oil (0.5%) caused 0% of disease incidence (INC), providing 100% of disease control in both periods of inoculation. Clove oil (0.25%) showed a lower INC (25%) when applied after inoculation, providing a control percentage of 71.42%. The lemongrass and clove essential oils were analyzed by GC/FID (Gas Chromatography ­ Flame Ionization Detector) and by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography /Mass Spectrometer). The major components were eugenol (91,9%) for clove oil and citral, isometric mixture of neral (34,1%) and geranial (42,9%) for lemongrass oil. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lemongrass, clove oils and their major components (citral and eugenol, respectively) was determined by using a broth macrodilution technique, as well as they were evaluated at different concentrations on the control of soft rot of kale, sprayed according descriptions above. The MIC was 0.03125% for citral, and 0.0625 and 0.125% for lemongrass and clove oils, respectively. Eugenol didn't show MIC. Lemongrass oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) and citral at 0.125% (pre and post-inoculation) provided the highest percentages of disease control (33.33, 50, and 100%, respectively). Clove oil at 0.125% (post-inoculation) showed better effectiveness than eugenol (0.25%), providing a percentage of disease control of 16.67%. Lemongrass and clove essential oils were the most effective in control of soft rot of kale, suggesting that these oils have a potential to be used as antibacterial agents.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de óleos essenciais no controle da podridão mole em couve. Os óleos essenciais de cravo a 0,25%, capim-limão e palmarosa a 0,5%, citronela, melaleuca e laranja a 0,75%, bergamota, alecrim, sálvia e gengibre a 1% foram avaliados na inibição in vitro de Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (Pcb) e controle da podridão mole em couve, pulverizados 72 horas antes ou sete horas após a inoculação. Os óleos essenciais de cravo, citronela, bergamota, alecrim, palmarosa, sálvia, melaleuca e capim-limão inibiram completamente o crescimento de Pcb. O óleo de capimlimão (0,5%) promoveu 0% de incidência (INC) da doença (percentual de controle de 100%), em ambos os períodos de inoculação. O óleo de cravo (0,25%) proporcionou menor INC (25%) quando aplicado após inoculação (percentual de controle de 71,42%). Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão e cravo foram analisados por GC/FID (cromatografia gasosa/detector por ionização de chama) e por GC/MS (cromatografia gasosa/ espectometria de massas). Os componentes majoritários foram eugenol (91,9%) no óleo de cravo e citral (neral34,1% e geranial- 42,9%) no óleo de capim-limão. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) dos óleos essenciais de capim-limão e cravo e de seus componentes majoritários (citral e eugenol, respectivamente) foi determinada por meio da técnica de macrodiluição em caldo, bem como foram avaliados, em diferentes concentrações, no controle da podridão mole em couve, pulverizados conforme descrito acima. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi de 0,03125% para o citral, e de 0,0625 e 0,125% para os óleos de capim-limão e cravo, respectivamente. O eugenol não apresentou CIM. O óleo de capim-limão a 0,125% (pós-inoculação) e o citral (0,125%), em ambos os períodos de inoculação, proporcionaram os maiores percentuais de controle (33,33; 50 e 100%, respectivamente). O óleo de cravo a 0,125% (pós-inoculação) mostrou maior eficiência que o eugenol (0,25%), promovendo um percentual de controle de 16,67%. Os óleos essenciais de capim-limão e cravo destacaram-se na eficiência de controle da podridão mole em couve, sugerindo que esses óleos têm potencial para serem utilizados como agentes antibacterianos.

Assessment of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Clove and Cinnamon Formulation against Oral Pathogens - An In Vitro Study.

Zinc Oxide nanoparticle is of particular interest among researchers due to its wide range of applications. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has many benefits like being eco-friendly, less time consuming, cost effective, stable operation, and more importantly the process can be carried out without the involvement of any hazardous chemicals. Clove and cinnamon are known to have antimicrobial activity. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon against oral pathogens. METHODSThis is an in vitro study. The organisms used were Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria were inoculated in their respective medium and incubated overnight. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoparticles at 25 µL, 50 µL and 100 µL. RESULTSZone of inhibition was found to be highest at 100 µL against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (15 mm, 13 mm, and 13 mm respectively). CONCLUSIONSFindings from this study suggest that zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon extracts has the potential as an antimicrobial agent against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and can be used as an alternative to commercially available antimicrobial agents.

Assessment of Cytotoxicity, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Clove and Cinnamon Formulation - An In-Vitro Study.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles play a vital role in diagnostics, biomolecular detection, and microelectronics. Several conventional methods are used for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. But, toxic chemicals are required as capping agents to maintain stability, thus leading to toxicity in the environment. Thus, we need to shift to “green synthesis”. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the cytotoxicity, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon.METHODSCytotoxic effect, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon extract were assessed using Brine Shrimp Assay, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and DPPH Assay respectively at 5 µL, 10 µL, 20 µL, 30 µL, 50 µL.RESULTSAs the concentration increased, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles increased. Values for anti-inflammatory property of nanoparticles was higher than the standard values at all concentrations. Percentage of inhibition was highest at 40 µL (91.1%) and 50 µL (90.5%). The values for antioxidant property of nanoparticles was found to be higher than the standard values at all concentrations except at 50 µL. Percentage of inhibition was highest at 20 µL (86.2%).CONCLUSIONSZinc oxide nanoparticles reinforced with clove and cinnamon extract have a potential as an anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent and can be used as an alternative to commercially available products.

Preparation of polymer nanoparticles loaded with Syzygium aromaticum essential oil: an oral potential application / Preparación de nanoparticulas polimericas cargadas con aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum: una potencial aplicación oral

Due to the biological activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil, its incorporation in methacrylate polymeric (Eudragit E100) nanoparticles (NP), physical characterization, and antimicrobial essays were evaluated. The clove bears great potential for applications in dentistry. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and oil loaded NP using the nanoprecipitation method. Particle size and polydispersity index were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy, and physical morphology by electron microscopy. Loading capacity and in vitro eugenol release were evaluated by gas mass chromatography, and the antimicrobial activity of oil loaded-NP was calculated against Streptococcus mutans. Different chemical ingredients were characterized, and eugenol was the principal compound with 51.55%. Polymer content was directly related to NP homogenous size, which was around 150 nm with spherical morphology. A 73.2% loading capacity of eugenol was obtained. Oil loaded NP presented a fickian-type release mechanism of eugenol. Antimicrobial activity to 300 µg/mL was obtained after 24 h.

Debido a las actividades biológicas del aceite esencial de Syzygium aromaticum, se evaluó su incorporación en nanopartículas (NP) de metacrilato polimérico (Eudragit E100), su caracterización y ensayos antimicrobianos. El clavo tiene un gran potencial para aplicaciones en odontología. El aceite se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y las NP cargado de aceite utilizando el método de nanoprecipitación. El tamaño de partícula y el índice de polidispersidad se determinaron mediante espectroscopia de correlación fotónica y su morfología por microscopía electrónica. La capacidad de carga y la liberación de eugenol in vitro se evaluaron mediante cromatografía de gases en masa, y la actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó contra Streptococcus mutans. Se caracterizaron diferentes ingredientes químicos, siendo el eugenol el principal compuesto con 51.55%. El contenido de polímero se relacionó directamente con el tamaño homogéneo de NP, que fue de alrededor de 150 nm con morfología esférica. Se obtuvo un 73,2% de capacidad de carga de eugenol. El aceite cargado en NP presentó un mecanismo de liberación de eugenol de tipo fickiano. La actividad antimicrobiana a 300 µg/mL se obtuvo después de 24 h.

Effect of clove oil combined with quinolones antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity of clove oil combined with quinolones antibiotics in vitro, and provide scientific evidences for the treatment of MRSA infection by clove oil combined with quinolones antibiotics. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clove oil and four quinolones antibiotics (moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) were determined by microdilution method; Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes of clove oil combined with four quinolones antibiotics were determined by chessboard dilution method; Inhibition effect of MRSA by clove oil combined with four quinolones antibiotics was analyzed by growth curve method. MIC changes were analyzed when MRSA standard strain ATCC33591 was induced 30 generations with clove oil. Results: A total of 35 strains of MRSA isolated from clinical patients showed that the highest resistance rate was moxifloxacin (88.57%), followed by ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (77.14%), and the lowest resistance rate was norfloxacin (74.29%). The results of FIC index analysis showed that the different thesynergistic action effects of clove oil with moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ornorfloxacin, were 42.86%, 37.15%, 34.28% and 34.28%, respectively; The additive effects of which were 28.57%, 25.71%, 22.86% and 42.86%, respectively; The unrelated effects of that were 28.57%, 20.00%, 42.86% and 22.86%, respectively. Among them, there was partial antagonism in experimental strains when combined with levofloxacin, accounting for 17.14%. The growth curve showed that the combination of clove oil and quinolone antibiotics had a significant synergistic inhibition on MRSA. The results of induced drug resistance test showed that MIC did not change after 30 generations of continuous induction with the clove oil, but increased to 16 times of that of ciprofloxacin under the same condition, which indicated that the clove oil was not easy to make MRSA resistant. Conclusion: Clove oil is not easy to produce drug resistance. They showed different interactions on each other when clove oil combined with quinolones antibiotics, and most strains of MRSA isolated from clinical patients had obvious synergistic and additive inhibition effect. The dosage of quinolones antibiotics could be cut when clove oil combined with quinolones antibiotics for treating MRSA infection.

Herbal Medicine from Single Clove Garlic Oil Extract Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Oxidative Status in High Fat Diet Mice

@#Introduction: High fat diet (HFD) can cause lipid accumulation and contribute to various metabolic disorders. Single clove garlic oil (SCGO) has advantages over regular garlic due to its higher amounts of organosulfide compounds in particular. This study aimed to determine the ability of SCGO extract to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and improve oxidative status by modulating expression of tumour necrosis factor α and superoxide dismutase in mice fed a HFD. Methods: Twenty-four adult male Balb/C mice were divided into six groups: i) normal diet; ii) positive control diet; iii) negative control diet; and iv) HFD with SCGO at 12.5 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg BW); v) HFD with SCGO at 25 mg/kg BW, vi) HFD with SCGO at 50 mg/kg BW. Liver weight and morphology, spleen weight, serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), TNF-α expression in the aorta and lipid profiles were assessed at the end of the experimental period. Results: SCGO treatment was associated with significant decreases in liver and spleen weight as well as amelioration of hepatic steatosis. SCGO treatment also decreased TNF-α levels and expression. Serum levels of SOD in the SCGO groups were significantly increased compared with the negative control group. Lipid profiles were improved in the SCGO treatment groups compared with the negative control group. Conclusion: SCGO as an herbal medicine could be an effective treatment for degenerative disorders caused by HFD.

Effect of Different Essential Oils on the Shelf Life of Concentrated Yogurt

Aims: The objective of this study is to use different essential oils (cinnamon, clove, rosemary, almond sweet, sesame, wheat germ, and cedar wood) in concentrated yoghurt as antimicrobial agents to increase shelf life of concentrated yoghurt. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Quds University, Palestine, between January 2015 to August 2016. Methodology: Essential oils were added to concentrated yogurt at a concentration of 250 μl\kg. Antibacterial activity and properties of major borne bacteria such as total aerobic count bacteria, yeast, mold, Staphylococcus aureus, were evaluated by plate count method, (pouring plate method). All yogurt samples were sensory evaluated for flavor, body and texture, and appearance. Total solid content, and titratable acidity of different yogurt samples were also determined. Results: Total solids and pH of concentrated yogurt samples treated with essential oils were only slightly affected. The best three essential oils used in terms of influence on total bacterial viable count and mold count were found to be cinnamon, clove and rosemary. The most acceptable organoleptic properties of treated concentrated yogurt were those samples treated with sesame and rosemary oils. Conclusion: The addition of cinnamon, clove and rosemary essential oils could increase the shelf life of concentrated yogurt.

In vitro anti-MRSA effect of clove oil combined with β-lactam antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus / 中草药

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial activities of clove oil alone and in combination with three kinds of β-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefepime) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clove oil alone and in combination with three kinds of β-lactam antibiotics against two standard MRSA and 32 MRSA isolated from clinic were determined by 96-well plate micro-dilution method. The fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) of clove oil and three kinds of β-lactam antibiotics were determined by using the micro-chessboard method. The growth curve of MRSA ATCC43300 effected by clove oil or clove oil combined with cephalexin was analyzed. Results Clove oil showed significant anti-MRSA activity in vitro, with MIC of 0.25 mg/mL and 0.51 mg/mL. The FICs were mainly distributed in the range of ≤ 0.5 and 0.5 to 1, and the synergy rates were 58.8%, 97.0%, and 64.7%, when the clove oil was combined with amoxicillin, cephalexin and cefepime, respectively. Clove oil enhanced the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against MRSA significantly, and reduced the dosage of it. The growth curve showed that the clove oil significantly inhibited the growth of MRSA, and prolonged its lag phase. And the effect showed a significant dose-effect relationship. The growth of MRSA was nearly inhibited when 1/4 MIC cefepime combined with 1/4 MIC clove oil. Conclusion Clove oil not only could exhibit strong anti-MRSA activity itself, but could enhance the activity of β-lactam antibiotics against MRSA. Hence, clove oil would be a potential new drug, which can be used as a new drug for preventing and treating MRSA infection.

Antioxidant activity of essential oils from condiment plants and their effect on lactic cultures and pathogenic bacteria / Atividade antioxidante do óleo essencial de plantas condimentares e efeito sobre culturas lácticas e bactérias patogênicas

ABSTRACT: Studies about preservative and antioxidant activity of essential oils have been encouraged in recent years, given their importance to food industry. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of essential oils deriving from Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia alba against lactic and pathogenic bacteria responsible for food-borne diseases. Essential oil antibacterial activity was assessed through disc diffusion and macrodilution tests conducted in a mixed lactic culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (YF-L903) and of Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 6017) strains. Based on the chromatographic analysis results, the essential oils shown to be composed of eugenol (79.41%) which was the prevalent compound in S. aromaticum, geranial (31.89%), neral (24.52%) and β-myrcene (25.37%) in C. citratus, as well as of geranial (33.80%) and neral (25.63%) in L. alba. The observed antibacterial activity confirmed the dose-dependent effect of these three oils on all the assessed bacteria; there was halo inhibition at concentration 20μL mL-1. The essential oil of S. aromaticum presented better antioxidant activity, with IC50 equal to 5.76μg mL-1 and antioxidant activity index of 6.94, and it was considered strong (AAI>2.0) in comparison to the other evaluated oils. This essential oil also presented excellent antioxidant activity at concentrations lower than the one required to inhibit lactic cultures. Based in this outcome, the essential oil from S. aromaticum can be used as preservative agent in processed food whose formulation presents lactic cultures.

RESUMO: A atividade conservante e antioxidante de óleos essenciais são importantes ferramentas para uso na indústria de alimentos e pesquisas são estimuladas na atualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades antioxidantes e a atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratuse Lippia alba (LA) contra bactérias lácticas e patogênicas com importância em doenças transmitidas por alimentos. A atividade antibacteriana dos óleos foi avaliada por testes de disco-difusão e macrodiluição em caldo, utilizando-se cultura láctica mista de Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus e Streptococcus thermophilus (YF-L903), e Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 6017). Os compostos dos óleos essenciais foram identificados por cromatografia, mostrando eugenol (79,41%) como composto predominante em S. aromaticum, geranial (31,89%), neral (24,52%) e β-mirceno (25,37%) em C. citratus, e o geranial (33,80%) e neral (25,63%) em L. alba. A atividade antibacteriana confirmou o efeito dose-dependente dos três óleos para todas as bactérias avaliadas, apresentando halos de inibição a partir da concentração de 20μL mL-1. O óleo essencial de S. aromaticum apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante, com IC 50 IC50 (at concentration capable of generating 50% inhibition) igual a 5.76μg mL-1 e índice de atividade antioxidante (AAI) de 6,94, considerado forte (AAI>2,0) em relação aos demais óleos avaliados. O óleo essencial de S. aromaticum apresentou excelente atividade antioxidante em menor concentração que anecessário para inibir a cultura láctica, indicando que este óleo pode ser usado como conservante em alimentos processados contendo culturas lácticas.

Study on the bacterial biofilm of Streptococcus pneumoniae by clove oil / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To study the effect of clove oil on bacterial biofilm of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods The components of clove oil were determined by GC-MS mass spectrometry. The suspension of streptococcus mutans was prepared to carry out the germicidal test, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of clove oil. The effects of different concentrations of clove oil on the formation of biofilm were observed by laser confocal microscopy, and the average fluorescence intensity of live bacteria and dead bacteria in biofilm was recorded. Results Determination of clove oil 8 components were analyzed by GC-MS mass spectrometry method, most of the Eugenol content was 48.93%, followed by the Caryophyllene 20.78%, Methylis salicylas 14.96%. Through MIC, MBC and the experimental results showed that clove oil had antibacterial activity of Proteus, and with the increase of clove oil concentration, the inhibitory effect was better. When it reached a certain concentration, it can showed bactericidal effect that the MIC and MBC were 0.3125%, 0.6250%. The clove oil also had inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutans biofilm with the concentration depedence. When the concentration of clove oil was 2.5000%, the average fluorescence intensity (live/dead bacteria) was 0.082 ± 0.007, the proportion of living bacteria decreased obviously, and biofilm disappeared. Conclusions The clove oil not only has inhibitory effect on Streptococcus mutants, but also can inhibit and clear the biofilm formation of Streptococcus.

Evaluación de la acción antiséptica de un jabón líquido utilizando algunos aceites esenciales como agente activo / Evaluation of the action antiseptic of a liquid soap using some oils essential as an active agent

RESUMEN Se evaluó la acción antiséptica de un jabón líquido utilizando como activo aceites esenciales de Eugenia caryophyllata T. (clavo de olor) y Cinnamomum verum J. (canela). Se formularon y elaboraron jabones líquidos usando como activo aceites esenciales a concentraciones de 1,5% y 2%, posteriormente se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos, sensoriales, así como también microbiológicos sobre cepas bacterianas de Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Se encontró que las formulaciones idóneas son aquellas en las que los aceites esenciales de clavo y canela se encuentran a concentraciones del 2%, puesto que presentan actividad contra las cepas bacterianas en cuestión y mejor estabilidad fisicoquímica; siendo elegido entre los evaluadores de las propiedades organolépticas el jabón líquido preparado con aceite esencial de canela como el favorito con respecto al de clavo, por presentar mejor aroma y aspecto. Se concluye que los jabones líquidos antisépticos a partir de 2% de aceite esencial de Eugenia caryophyllata T. y Cinnamomum verum J. presentaron resultados promisorios; igualmente, todos los indicadores fisicoquímicos y químicos evaluados se mantuvieron, lo que nos brinda un indicio de la correcta formulación desde el punto de vista galénico.

SUMMARY The antiseptic action of a liquid soap was evaluated using as essential oils of Eugenia caryophyllata T. (clove) and Cinnamomum verum J. (cinnamon). Is formulated and produced soaps liquids using as active oils essential to concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, subsequently is evaluated parameters physicochemical, sensory, as well as also microbiological on strains bacterial of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Finding is that the formulations suitable are those in which them oils essential of clove and cinnamon is found to concentrations of the 2%, since present activity against them strains bacterial in question and best stability physicochemical; being chosen among the evaluators of the organoleptic properties liquid soap prepared with essential oil of cinnamon as the favorite on the nail, by presenting better aroma and appearance. Concluding that the antiseptic liquid soaps from 2% of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata T. and Cinnamomum verum J. presented promising results; also, all the indicators physicochemical and chemical evaluated were kept, which gives us an indication of the correct formulation from the pharmaceutical point of view.

Development of PVC membranes with clove oil as plasticizer for blood bag applications.

In the present study, Antimicrobial PVC films containing different amounts of clove oil as a plasticizer were prepared using traditional casting method. The physical and mechanical properties of the plasticized PVC membranes e.g. surface wettability were investigated. The increase of clove oil content demonstrated an increase in surface hydrophilicity and elongation to break the film. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed a decrease of polymer thermal stability by increasing clove oil concentration. The antibacterial activities against four different bacterial strains (two-gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus & two-gram negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) were promoted by addition of clove oil. Although the natural source of clove oil, the bio-evaluation of plasticized membranes showed an increase in hemolysis percent (%) and thrombus weight. It can be concluded that the addition of clove to PVC need to further studies for applying in blood bags.

Anticancer activity of eugenol is not related to regulation of the oncogenic transcription factor Forkhead Box M1 / Atividade anticarcinogênica do eugenol não se deve à modulação do fator de transcrição oncogênico Forkhead Box M1

Genome-wide gene expression profiling of cancers has consistently identified the FOXM1 as one of the most commonly upregulated genes in cancer cells that plays an essential role in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes, including inhibition of apoptosis. Since the anticancer activity of EUG reported in the literature is related to induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, we hypothesized that there is a correlation between the EUG-induced apoptosis effect and downregulation of FOXM1. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of EUG on cellular viability of cancer cells (MTT) and its potential regulatory effect on FOXM1 protein levels (western blots). Our findings confirm the anticancer effect of EUG on different human cancer cell lines as previously reported in the literature (SKBR3 LC50: 318.6; HT29 LC50: 525.5; and HepG2 LC50: 2090.0 µM). However, we demonstrated that EUG does not regulate the FOXM1. The results evidenced the anticancer effect of EUG on three cancer cell lines and showed that the EUG- apoptosis induced effect is not related to regulation of FOXM1 at the protein level. Further studies must be done to provide information on the mechanism of action of this agent.

Estudos do genoma de células tumorais identificaram o FOXM1 como o fator de transcrição mais expresso, desempenhando papel essencial em uma gama de processos biológicos, incluindo a inibição da apoptose celular. A atividade anticarcinogênica do EUG, relatada na literatura, está relacionada à indução de apoptose em células cancerosas, por isso geramos a hipótese de que pode existir correlação entre este efeito indutor de apoptose e a supressão do FOXM1. Um conjunto de experimentos foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do EUG na viabilidade celular (MTT) e o potencial regulatório sobre o nível de proteínas do FOXM1, em células cancerosas (western blots). Nossos resultados corroboram o efeito anticancerígeno do EUG relatado na literatura em diferentes linhagens celulares (SKBR3 LC50: 318.6; HT29 LC50: 525.5; e HepG2 LC50: 2090.0 µM). Entretanto ficou demonstrado que o EUG não interfere no nível proteico do FOXM1. Em nosso estudo demonstramos o efeito citotóxico do EUG em três linhagens celulares de câncer, sendo evidenciado que o efeito indutor de apoptose promovido pelo mesmo não é dependente da regulação do fator de transcrição FOXM1. Estudos mais detalhados serão conduzidos no intuito de esclarecer os mecanismos de ação desde agente anticarcinogênico.

Efeitos in vitro e in situ da adição de extrato aquoso de cravo sobre o desenvolvimento microbiano / Effects in vitro and in situ addition of aqueous clove extract on microbial

Foram avaliados os efeitos da adição in situ e in vitro, de extrato aquoso de botões de cravo-da-índa (Syzygium aromaticum) sobre Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Para o estudo in vitro foram empregadas concentrações de 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% (v/v) de extrato de cravo, diluídas em água destilada estéril, utilizando a técnica de difusão em ágar por disco. O estudo in situ foi conduzido inoculando amostras de doce de abóbora em pasta, adicionadas ou não de extrato aquoso de cravo puro, com as cepas bacterianas (108 UFC/g), separadamente. Os resultados revelaram que o extrato aquoso de cravo propiciou um aumento na contagem in vitro de E. coli e S. aureus. De modo análogo, no estudo in situ, a contagem de S. aureus foi favorecida pela adição do extrato puro de cravo em doce de abóbora em pasta. Sugere-se, portanto, estudos mais detalhados sobre o emprego de extratos aquosos de especiarias em alimentos a fim de elucidar o efeito sobre o desenvolvimento microbiano e possíveis interações com a composição dos alimentos em que são empregados.

Atividade antifúngica, in vitro, do óleo de café verde / Antifungal activity, in vitro, of the green coffee oil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do contato direto e da fração volátildo óleo de café verde, testado nas concentrações de 500, 1.000, 1.500 e 2.000 µL L-1, sobre o crescimento micelial e a esporulação dos fungos Penicillium roqueforti e Rhizopus stolonifer. O óleo essencial de cravo-da-índia na concentração de 800 µL L-1 foi utilizado para comparação. Nas concentrações de 1.500 e 2.000 µL L-1, o óleo de café verde em contato direto proporcionou redução da esporulação do fungo R. stolonifer , sendo estatisticamente semelhante ao óleo de cravo-da-índia. Na fração volátil do óleo de café verde, observou-se redução significativa da esporulação de P. roqueforti e R. stolonifer na concentração de 2.000 µL L-1. O óleo de café verde, em contato direto ou por volatilização, reduziu significativamente o crescimento micelial e a esporulação de ambos os fungos em comparação com a testemunha.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of direct contact and volatile fraction of from green coffee oil, tested at concentrations of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 µL L-1, on mycelial growth and sporulation of Penicillium roqueforti and Rhizopus stolonifer . The essential oil of clove at a concentration of 800 µL L-1 was used for comparison. At concentrations of 1,500 and 2,000 µL L-1, the green coffee oil in direct contact caused a reduction of sporulation for R. stolonifer, similar to clove oil. In the volatile fraction of the green coffee oil, there was a significant reduction in sporulation of P. roqueforti and R. stolonifer at a concentration of 2,000 µL L-1. The green coffee oil, in direct contact or by volatilization, significantly reduced the mycelial growth and sporulation of both fungi compared to the control.(AU)